This glossary is useful if there are anatomical  terms in your NES Energetic Integrator Report that are unfamiliar...

 

Adrenal Medulla - The inner most part of the adrenal gland, consisting of cells that secrete epinephrine, norepinephrine, and a small amount of dopamine in response to stimulation.

Alveoli - Spherical outcroppings of the respiratory bronchioles within the lung, and are the primary sites of gas exchange with the blood.

Anterior Pituitary - Under the influence of the hypothalamus, it produces and secretes several peptide hormones that regulate many physiological processes including stress, growth, and reproduction.

Appendix - A blind-ended tube connected to the cecum. The most common explanation for the appendix's existence in humans is that it's a vestigial structure, which has lost its original function.

Ascending Colon - It is the part of the colon from the cecum to the hepatic flexure (the turn of the colon by the liver).

Atlas - The topmost cervical vertebra of the spine.

Autonomic Nervous System - Part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions.

B Lymphocytes - The part of the lymphatic system that makes antibodies against antigens.

Bile Ducts - Long tube-like structures that carry bile.

Bladder - The organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys prior to disposal by urination.

Bladder Mucosa - The lining of the bladder.

Bladder Muscular Coats - A layer of muscular fibre within the bladder.

Bladder Submucosa - A layer of loose connective tissue beneath the lining of the bladder.

Bone Marrow - The flexible tissue found in the hollow interior of bones that produces new blood cells.

Bronchi - A passage in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs.

Bronchioles - The first airway branches within the lungs that no longer contain cartilage.

Cartilage - A stiff and inflexible connective tissue found in many areas in the bodies

Centroacinar Cells - Commonly known as duct cells, and secrete an aqueous bicarbonate solution under stimulation by the hormone secretin. They also secrete mucin.

Cerebella Cortex - A region of the brain that plays an important role in motor control.

Cerebro Spinal Fluid - A clear bodily fluid that occupies the subarachnoid space and the ventricular system around and inside the brain and spinal cord.

Cervical Nerves - The spinal nerves emerging from the cervical vertebrae.

Cervical Vertebrae - Those vertebrae immediately below the atlas, inferior to the skull.

Cervix - The lower, narrow portion of the uterus where it joins with the top end of the vagina.

Cervix Parametrium - Separates the bladder from the cervix.

Clitoris - A sexual organ that is present only in females.

Coccyx - The final segment of the spine. The tailbone.

Cochlear - The auditory portion of the inner ear.

Corium - A deeper layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissues, and is composed of two layers, the papillary and reticular dermis.

Coronary Arteries - Maintain coronary blood flow at levels appropriate to the needs of the heart muscle.

Coronary Sinus - A collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the myocardium of the heart.

Corpora Cavernosa - One of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue, which contain most of the blood in the penis during penile erection.

Corpus Callosum - A structure of the brain that connects the left and right cerebral hemispheres.

Corpus Luteum - Endocrine structure involved in production of estrogens and progestagens, which is needed to maintain the endometrium.

Corpus Spongiosum - Mass of spongy tissue surrounding the male urethra within the penis

Cranial Cavity - The space formed inside the skull.

Cranial Nerves - Nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves which emerge from segments of the spinal cord.

Cranial Sinus - Air-filled spaces, connecting to with the nasal cavity, within the bones of the skull and face.

Descending Colon - The part of the colon from the splenic flexure to the beginning of the pelvic colon.

Diaphragm - A sheet of internal muscle that extends across the bottom of the rib cage.

Duodenum - The first section of the small intestine.

Endocardium - The innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart.

Epididymis - A narrow, tightly coiled tube connecting the ducts from the rear of each testicle to its vas deferens.

Epigastrium - The upper central region of the abdomen.

Epiglottis - Flap of elastic cartilage tissue covered with a mucus membrane, attached to the root of the tongue.

External Auditory Meatus - A tube running from the outer ear to the middle ear.

Eye Lens - A transparent structure in the eye that, along with the cornea, helps to refract light to be focused on the retina.

Fibrous Capsule - Sheath of fibre covering the kidney (or other organ).

Frontal Sinus - One of the paired sinuses in the frontal bone above the eyes, each connecting with the nasal cavity.

Gall Bladder - A small organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by the liver.

Glans Penis - The sensitive bulbous structure at the end of the penis.

Glomerulus - A capillary tuft that performs the first step in filtering blood to form urine.

Graafian Follicles - Part of the reproductive system, containing oocytes that develop into eggs.

Grey Matter - A major component of the central nervous system, consisting of neuronal cell bodies, neuropil, glial cells and capillaries.

Heart - AV Bundle - The atrioventricular bundle is a collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction that transmits the electrical impulses from the AV node.

Heart - AV Nodes - Part of electrical control system of the heart that co-ordinates heart rate.

Heart - Arteries - Red blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart.

Heart - Left Atrium - Receives oxygenated blood from the pulmonary veins, and pumps it into the left ventricle, via the atrioventricular valve.

Heart - Right Atrium - Receives deoxygenated blood from the superior and inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus, and pumps it into the right ventricle through the tricuspid valve.

Heart - Right Ventricle - Receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium via the tricuspid valve, and pumps it into the pulmonary artery.

Heart - SA Node - The impulse-generating (pacemaker) tissue located in the right atrium of the heart.

Heart - Veins - Blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart

Hepatic Flexure - The sharp bend between the ascending and the transverse colon.

Hindbrain - The division in the brain of an embryo that eventually becomes the pons, the medulla oblongata, and the cerebellum.

Hypothalamus - A portion of the brain that contains a number of small nuclei with a variety of functions. One of its most important functions is to link the nervous system to the endocrine system via the pituitary gland.

Ileocecal Valve - A sphincter muscle situated at the junction of the small intestine (ileum) and the large intestine.

Ileum - The final section of the small intestine.

Ileum Tunica Serosa - Lining covering the ileum; it secretes watery exudates.

Inter Vertebral Discs - Allows slight movement of the vertebrae, and acts as a ligament to hold the vertebrae together.

Intestinal Villi - Tiny, finger-like projections that come out from the wall of the small intestine and increase the absorptive and surface area of the intestinal wall so as to allow more food to be absorbed.

Iris - A thin, circular structure in the eye, responsible for controlling the diameter and size of the pupils and the amount of light reaching the pupil.

Jejunum - The middle section of the small intestine.

Kidney - Blood Plasma Salts - Concerns the re-absorption and secretion of various solutes such as ions (e.g., sodium), carbohydrates (e.g., glucose), and amino acids (e.g., glutamate) during the filtering process.

Larynx - An organ in the throat/neck involved in sound production.

Left Ventricle - heart - Receives oxygenated blood from the left atrium via the mitral valve, and pumps it into the aorta via the aortic valve.

Ligaments - Fibrous tissue that connects bones to other bones.

Liver - Has a wide range of functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion.

Lumbar Nerves - The five spinal nerves emerging from the lumbar vertebrae.

Lumbar Spine - The largest segments of the movable part of the vertebral column.

Lumbar Vertebrae - The largest segments of the movable part of the vertebral column.

Lungs - The essential respiration organ in all air-breathing mammals.

Lymphatic Fluid - Fluid found between the cells of the human body.

Lymphatic Nodes - Small circular ball-shaped parts of the immune system distributed throughout the body and linked by lymphatic vessels. They are important in the proper functioning of the immune system.

Lymphatic System - A network of conduits that carry a clear fluid called lymph.

Lymphatic Vessels - Thin walled, valved structures that carry lymph.

Maxillary Sinuses - The largest of the paranasal sinuses located below the eyes.

Mediastinum - A group of structures in the chest region surrounded by loose connective tissue. It is the central compartment of the thoracic cavity. It contains the heart, the great vessels of the heart, oesophagus, trachea, phrenic nerve, cardiac nerve, thoracic duct, thymus, and lymph nodes of the central chest.

Medulla Oblongata - Contains the cardiac, respiratory, vomiting, and vasomotor centres and deals with the autonomic functions such as breathing, heart rate and blood pressure.

Mesentery - The double layer of peritoneum that suspends the jejunum and ileum from the posterior wall of the abdomen.

Midbrain - The midbrain is considered part of the brain stem and is closely associated with the motor system pathways

Motor Cortex - Regions of the cerebral cortex involved in the planning, control, and execution of voluntary motor functions.

Mucous Membranes - Linings of mostly endodermal origin, covered in epithelium, which are involved in absorption and secretion.

Muscle Fascia - The dense fibrous connective tissue that interpenetrates and surrounds the muscles, bones, nerves and blood vessels of the body.

Myocardium - The middle of the three layers forming the wall of the heart.

Nasal Concha - A long, narrow and curled bone shelf (shaped like an elongated sea-shell) that protrudes into the breathing passage of the nose.

Nerve Plexus - A network of intersecting nerves.

Neurones or Neural Cells - Nerve cells; electrically excitable cell that processes and transmits information by electrical and chemical signaling.

Oesophagus - A muscular tube through which food passes from the mouth to the stomach.

Ovaries - An egg-producing reproductive organ in women.

Pancreas - Islets Of Langerhans - Hormones produced in the Islets of Langerhans are secreted directly into the blood flow by five different types of cells.

Pancreas Head - A portion of the pancreas that is lodged within the curve of the duodenum.

Pancreatic Duct - A duct joining the pancreas to the common bile duct to supply pancreatic juices that aid in digestion.

Paranasal Sinus - Air-filled spaces, communicating with the nasal cavity, within the bones of the skull and face.

Parasympathetic System - A division of the autonomic nervous system. The actions of the parasympathetic nervous system can be summarized as -Rest and Digest.

Parathyroid - Small endocrine glands in the neck that produce parathyroid hormone.

Parotid Glands - The largest of the salivary glands.

Pelvic Colon - The part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum.

Peptic Glands - Produce the “juices” necessary for digestion.

Pericardium Sac - Contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels

Peritoneum - The serous membrane that forms the lining of the abdominal cavity.

Pharynx - The part of the neck and throat situated immediately behind the mouth and nasal cavity.

Pineal Gland - A small endocrine gland in the brain that produces the hormone that affects the modulation of wake/sleep patterns and seasonal functions.

Pleura Or Pleural Cavity - The body cavity that surrounds the lungs.

Pons - Located on the brain stem, its white matter conduct signals from the cerebrum down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus.

Prefrontal Lobes - Brain region has been implicated in planning complex cognitive behaviours; personality expression, decision-making and moderating correct social behaviour.

Prostate - A compound exocrine gland of the male reproductive system.

Prostate Isthmus - The narrow middle part of the prostate next to the urethra.

Pulmonary Tissue - Tissue in the lungs.

Pylorus - The region of the stomach that connects to the duodenum.

Rectum - The final straight portion of the large intestine that connects to the anus.

Renal Calyx - The space into which a single papilla of a multiple-lobed kidney protrudes.

Renal Tubes - The portion of the kidney containing the fluid filtered through the glomerulus.

Retina - A light sensitive tissue lining the inner surface of the eye.

Sacral Vertebrae - A large, triangular bone at the base of the spine and at the upper and back part of the pelvic cavity.

Sciatic Nerve - Begins in the lower back and runs through the buttock and down the lower limb. It is the longest and widest single nerve in the human body.

Scrotum - Dual-chambered protuberance of skin and muscle containing the testicles and divided by a septum.

Sensory Cortex - Any part of the brain that receives messages from a sense organ (like the eyes, nose, tongue, or ears) or messages of touch and temperature.

Sigmoid Colon - The part of the large intestine that is closest to the rectum.

Skin Dermis - The layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain.

Skin Epithelium - A tissue composed of cells that line the cavities and surfaces of structures throughout the body.

Sphincter - Usually a circular muscle, that maintains constriction of a natural body passage or orifice and which relaxes as required.

Spinal Nerves - Carry motor, sensory, and autonomic signals between the spinal cord and the body.

Splenic Pulp - Filters antigens, micro-organisms, and defective or worn-out red blood cells, out of the blood.

Stomach Mucosa - The mucous membrane layer of the stomach that contains the glands and the gastric pits.

Supraoptic Nucleus - A nucleus of neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus of the brain.

T Lymphocytes - Play a central role in cell-mediated immunity.

Testicles - The male generative gland.

Thalamus - Function includes relaying sensation, special senses, and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness.

Thoracic Nerves - The spinal nerves emerging from the thoracic vertebrae.

Thoracic Vertebrae - The middle segment of the backbone, between the cervical vertebrae and the lumbar vertebrae.

Thyroid - The thyroid gland is a butterfly-shape organ composed of two lobes connected via the isthmus. A fibrous sheath covers the thyroid gland. Between the two layers of the capsule and behind the lobes there are on each side two parathyroid glands. The thyroid isthmus is variable in presence and size. The thyroid is one of the larger endocrine glands, weighing 2-3 grams.

Tonsillar Ring - The lymphoid tissue ring located in the throat at the back of the mouth.

Trachea - Windpipe through which air passes on the way to the lungs.

Transverse Colon - The longest and most movable part of the colon.

Trigeminal Nerve - Responsible for sensations in the face.

Ureter - Muscular tubes that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.

Urethra - A tube that connects the urinary bladder to the outside of the body.

Uterus - A major female hormone-responsive reproductive sex organ.

Vagal Bronchoconstrictor - Vagal nerve that governs the narrowing of the air passages of the lungs.

Vas Deferens - Transports sperm from the epididymis in anticipation of ejaculation.

Vaso Motor Nerves - Relating to the nerves and muscles that cause the blood vessels to constrict or dilate.

Ventricles  - Lateral etc. - A set of structures containing cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.

Ventricle 3rd  and 4^th - Two of four connected fluid-filled cavities comprising the ventricular system in the brain, filled with cerebrospinal fluid.

White Matter - One of the two components of the central nervous system consisting mostly of sheath covered nerve fibres. White matter is composed of bundles of axons, which connect various gray matter areas of the brain to each other, and carry nerve impulses between neurons.